Effect of Blow Moulding on Bottle Weight and Dimensions

Effect of Blow Moulding on Bottle Weight and Dimensions Abstract Blow moulding, which is also called blow forming, is a manufacturing process for production of hollow-form plastic products. The present report is intended to deal with the effect on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output of the various process factors. By reference to Rheological properties of plastics, the correlation between the share rate and screw speed, melt temperature, die swell, bottle thickness were discussed. Also, the influences of elongational viscosity were suggested. 1. Introduction Blow moulding, also known as blow forming, is a process used to produce hollow productions by â€Å"blowing† thermoplastic molten tube into the shape of a mould cavity. Generally, blow moulding can be divided into three main types including stretch blow moulding, injection blow moulding, and extrusion blow moulding. In this experiment, extrusion blow moulding was studied to examine the effects of process variables on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output. In extrusion blow moulding, plastic particles are melted into fluid with heat applied. Then the melt plastic is extruded through a die, forming a hollow tube, which is usually called a parison. After that, the parison is captured by closing it around a mould. Next, air is pumped in to the parison when the ends of the parison keeps sealed at the mould parting line during forming. The parison deforms, forming a shape very closed to the mould. The mould is opened after the component is well cooled. Finally the component is ejected and the procedures are repeated. More and more products are made. In this experiment the plastic particles are High-density Polyethylene, the density of which ranges from 0.941 to 0.967 g/cm3. The High-density Polyethylene is preferred for production by blow moulding as it is more rigid and usually has a matt finish compared with Low-density Polyethylene. 2. Experimental Equipment Hayssen extrusion blow moulding machine Materials High density polyethylene (HDPE), Blow moulding grade, BS2581, Borealis. Procedures Firstly, HDPE particles were pumped into the hopper though a pipe. After that, the parameters of process variables and the temperatures of different zones were set according to Table 1 2, respectively. Then the machine was set in automatic mode and continuous cycle. Each group needs 10 samples, marking 1 to 10. Before the Process Variables were changed, the weight of parison extruded per unit minute was measured. Finally weight of each bottle, was measured along with thickness distribution along the length circumference. 3. Results And Discussions Experimental Results The original records including weight of bottle, bottle thickness distribution, output rate and crew speed are shown in Appendix I. In addition, the calculation of share rate and modified prison length are shown Appendix II and the general results are summarized. Experimental Discussions Influences Of Machine Variables On Bottle Weight And Dimensions Generally the bottle weight and dimensions is influenced by screw speed, melting temperature, and vent time. Screw speed. By comparing group A and group C, it is clear shown that output rate increasing with the increasing screw speed due to low viscosity and high die head pressure. By referring to the rheological properties of plastic, thickness and weight of group A should be higher than that of group C, because the higher sagging brings decreasing of weight and thickness. However, the records of the experiment do not accord with the theoretical analysis. The reason is that the machine is too old. Melting temperature. By comparing Group C and Group D, it is found that the bottles of group D are lighter and thinner than those of group C. The higher the melt temperature is, the lower the viscosity of polymer is. Lower viscosity reduces bottle weight and dimensions. Vent time. By comparing Group A and Group B, the result is that the bottles of group B are lighter and thinner than those of group A. If the vent time is too short, it will cause insufficient cooling and less sagging. Share Behaviours According to the equation ÃŽ ³= (6Q)/ (WH ²), the results of apparent share rate are given in Table 4 (all steps in calculation is shown in Appendix II). Experiments runs A B C D Shear Rate (s⠁ »Ã‚ ¹) 234.94 232.86 398.41 458.62 Table 4: Apparent shear rate Generally shear rate is related to screw speed, melt temperature, die swell and bottle thickness. Screw speed. The output rate is proportional to the screw speed. According to the equation ÃŽ ³= (6Q)/ (WH  ²), as the mean circumference (W) and die gap (H) are constant in this equation, the shear rate (ÃŽ ³) increases as output rate (Q) increases, in other words, screw speed increases. Melt temperature. The viscosity of polymer becomes lower at higher melt temperature. Lower viscosity results in high output rate (Q), which brings out a higher shear rate (ÃŽ ³). Die swell. â€Å"An increase in die swell results in a lower linear output rate. Since extrusion is usually continuous, further adjustments to the process dynamics are sometimes inevitable. Parison length sensors are available, to ease the effects of the problem†. In consequence, larger die swell results in larger output rate, which brings out larger shear rate. In one word, shear rate is proportional to die swell. Bottle thickness. Bottle thickness is related to the viscosity of polymer. Higher viscosity results in lower shear rate. So, shear rate increase as bottle thickness decrease.. Elongational Behaviours According to the equation ΔL= (Ï gtL ²)/ (2ÃŽ »), the results of Modified Parison Length are (all steps in calculation is shown in Appendix II). Experiments runs A B ΔL(mm) 0.566 0.944 Modified Parison Length (mm) 17.566 17.944 According to Table 5, it can be found that the longer the cycle time is, the longer the parison becomes. The result can be explained in this way: the parison will be elongated if more time is given under the gravity force. The elongational viscosity is influenced by molecular weight and temperature. High molecular weight and high temperature cause a decreasing of the elongational viscosity. 4. Conclusions Blow moulding is a manufacturing process for production of hollow-form plastic products. Process variables have the effects on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output. Specifically, high screw speed, low melt temperature, and short vent time results in the increasing of bottle weight and thickness. High screw speed, high melt temperature, large die swell and thin bottle thickness lead to high shear rate. Longer cycle time results in larger parison length. High molecule weight and high temperature cause a decreasing of the elongational viscosity References [1] A. W. Birley, B. Haworth and J. Batchelor, Physics of plastic, Hanser, 1991 [2] Edwin G. Fisher, Blow moulding of plastics, The Plastics Institute, 1971

Anthem – Ayn Rand

Anthem by Ayn Rand is a disturbing book. It is disturbing in the sense that it opens the reader eyes to a world without individuals. A world without the notion of me, my, I, but only with us, we, ours. This world is one of a collectivist society. Collectivism is based on principals of the â€Å"common good. † Everyone pitched in towards this common good, but in order to do that society could not have any out-liers. Thus, individual rights were taken away. This story is one of hope that shows that no matter the situation the human spirit will continue to fight for itself. There are many strong quotes in this book that further the image of the collective society and show how one young man, Equality 7-2521 fights in his own mind against what society tells him. These images connect the book with outside ideas by not only telling the reader what happens when collectivism goes to far, but by showing the reader what a collective society would look like. One such quote is â€Å"The only thing which taught us joy were the power we created in our wires, and The Golden One. This passage is very significant. The reason being Equality 7-2521 realizes that he does not find joy in society. He finds that he has received joy by his own doing and the choice he has to love one other person. It says in the book that it was considered a sin to look at a person of the opposite sex, but when Equality sees the Golden One he can not help himself. He starts to think that society is wrong. Equality does not understand how society could find the relationship he has with The Golden One sinful. It was one of those â€Å"if this is wrong, I don't want to be right† moments. Equality starts forming his own opinions about life apart from society's opinions. He comes to this realization by remembering how unhappy his childhood was because when he went to school he was whipped for being smarter than the others, and he recalled he had never been truly happy†¦ until now. He sees the connection between breaking the law, and finding happiness and realizes that maybe society isn't as omnipotent as he was taught it was. He found joy in his wires. Like a father beaming with pride for his son , Equality found an inner-joy from his creation that he had never felt before. His life up until this point had been full of oppression, and of being punished for qualities that would be praised in a normal society such as being smart, and handsome. Equality's glass box and wires are something he decided society could not take away from him not matter what. This is the first time Equality had felt true independent and he is not about to give it up. This is the first time he has gone against the grain. He chose to make the wire. He made it all by himself, not him along with 99 other people. This is the first thread of individualism that he lets shine through. It is crucially important because in order for change to occur Equality must separate himself from society completely. If Equality kept depending on society like he was then his life would simply drudge on, and his thirst for something new and exciting would never be quenched. This joy he has found in the Golden One and in his wires will drive him to take a huge leap of faith, and not be afraid to try to make it on his own. They give him the security he needs to trust in himself. The society that Equality lives in is a collectivist society. In collectivism one gives up their rights as an individual for the good of the whole. That sounds innocent enough, but when Ayn Rand takes it to an extreme it seems horrible. At one point in the novel Similarity 5-0306 states, â€Å"Men have no cause to exist save in toiling for other men. † The quote taps into the very root of collectivism and could not be clearer. The people of this society had been taught that theme from a very young age. They were taught that they were worth nothing unless â€Å"brother men† needed them. They had no right to exist on their own, that right was taken away the second it became a collectivist society. The reader saw this quote come to life through the everyday life of Equality 7-2521. He is a street sweeper who goes along everyday, all day and cleans the streets for the other people. He picks up all the trash on the streets in front of other people's businesses. And in return, all of the street sweepers are provided with food, clothes, and other necessities. Another huge point is that the society does not use money. This means they have a direct service for service system. Which means that if one wanted clothes in the society, they would need to perform a service for the tailor. Likewise, if the tailor wanted a clean street he would need to make togas for the street sweepers. Everyone is so dependent on each other that they know they can not survive in this society on their own. â€Å"The glass box in our arms, is like a living heart that gives us strength. We have lied to ourselves. We have not built the box for the good of our brothers. † This quote gives us an idea of where Equality got his courage. It took so much courage for him to break out of the detention center and go to the House of the Scholars. It took courage for him to leave into the uncharted forest, determined to find someplace he could call home. This quote is when Equality realizes that the wires he made are more than raw materials, and more then an invention, they are worth his life. They have become not only a beating heart but his heart. He knows that this is what he was living for, this forbidden something that he cannot name yet-Independence. By the rejection of his box, society pushed Equality to do what he has secretly always wanted to do†¦ leave. All of these quotes show the principals of collectivism, which was the main theme running throughout Anthem. Ayn Rand drives in the point that collectivism, although seemingly innocent squashes out any room for development in a society. She also shows the reader how the human spirit is not easily overcome.

Whatever They Told You About Term Paper Adalah Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Term Paper Adalah Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The author's result of information analyses presented that there's a considerable relationship between independent and dependent variables. Other individuals see the introduction as the reach of their paper, so they have an inclination to write it after the entire research is practically completed. Including the particular details of the means by which the study was conducted provides a very clear and efficient summary for readers. Our services are offered by experienced native-English writers who have written content on an assortment of subjects and niches. The Chronicles of Term Paper Adalah Usually it's a task given to the students at the conclusion of a term and accounts towards the last grade in the topic, occasionally it can even constitute as the only component of the last grade. In many instances, usage of first person isn't acceptable. 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The Middle East - 1289 Words

The present battle in the Middle East, specifically in Iraq, is in part because of a conflict between the different cultures rooted there. Beneath these cultural differences are theories based on the different religious belief systems in the variety of cultures. There are three major religious based out of the middle east, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Why do these religions have such a rift between them, if their principles are similar? All three of the religions have similar qualities, and many differences, but is that still a reason to compete with each other the way that they do? Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all pray to one God, recognize Jesus Christ,share the Old Testament and carry Holy books. They share a common belief†¦show more content†¦The main difference between the three Abrahamic religions is that most Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, tough some various branches don’t. That God is composed of three parts (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). Ho wever, in Islam and Judaism there is only one God,similar to the Father of Christianity, with no partner, son or equal spirit. Muslims do believe that Jesus had once been a prophet, but not God, nor the son of God himself. In Judaism, Jesus is considered a false messiah and Jews do not believe in him at all. In Islam and Judaism, there is no concept of original sin, whereas Christians believe in original sin. There are many more differences between the three religions, Some conflicts between Jews and Christians include, man is born good and innocent, there is no such thing as original sin,an individual is responsible for his own mistakes and no one else can atone for those mistakes, and man becomes closer to HaShem (The Creator) through his actions, blind faith is meaningless (Quora). Islam, for the most part, actually falls somewhere between Judaism and Christianity. Islam is strictly monotheistic with Allah having no form nor gender, and Jesus is strictly a prophet, nothing more, and there is a devil, heaven and hell (Quora). Judaism and Islam both claim heritage dating back toShow MoreRelatedThe Middle East821 Words   |  4 Pagesorientalist idea of the Middle East. It represented the faulty equation of Islam= Muslim= Arab= terrorist or religious fanatics. From the image of the magazine cover, a man dressed in the Middle-East attire can be seen standing on what looks like a balcony with the landscape of the Middle-East in the background. The image in the background presented the Middle East as underdeveloped in an effective manner. The image in the foreground by the top right corner signified the Middle East as an oil-hoardingRead MoreThe Middle East2106 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen more relevant than in the Middle East. Understanding the Middle East as it was and currently is requires an in depth analysis of the events that have so shaped the region. 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